42 Reliablity Requirements.docVIP

42 Reliability Requirements 42可靠性要求 1.Reliability requirements vary greatly depending on the type of equipment or system under consideration. They may sometimes be set by the designer or more broadly by the firm responsible for the design. In other situations the requirements may be imposed by the buyer of the product; and in some instances third outside parties, such as insurance underwriters or government agencies, may play a large role. 可靠性的要求在很大程度上取决于所考虑的设备或系统的类型。他们有时可能是由设计师或更广泛的负责设计公司。在其他情况下，要求可以由产品的买方征收；在某些情况下，第三个外部各方，如保险公司或政府机构，可以发挥很大的作用。 2.For any given product there are likely to be trade-offs between capital costs and maintenance costs. The more effort put into making the product reliable, the higher will be its initial or capital cost. At the same time, the more reliable a product is, the lower the costs for maintenance and repair are likely to be. We might be tempted to say that the solution is optimal when the total cost is minimized. In practice, however, the considerations that go into making such a trade-off vary greatly, depending on the nature of the product. The varying requirements may be understood more concretely by considering the factors that may come into play in the following three diverse examples: an air conditioner, an industrial robot, and an aircraft engine. 对于任何给定的产品有可能之间的权衡资本成本和维护成本。更多的精力投入使产品可靠性高，将其初始或资本成本。同时，更可靠的产品，降低成本的维护和修理的可能。我们或许会说，最佳的解决方案是在总成本最小化。然而在实践中，，进入这样的权衡不同的考虑，根据产品的性质。不同的要求可以通过考虑可能在以下三个不同的例子发挥的因素更具体的了解：空调，工业机器人，和飞机发动机。 3.The reliability requirements for an air conditioner may depend to a great extent on consumer psychology. To what extent will the buyer be willing to pay a higher price in order to save later repair or replacement costs? The price is obvious, but how will the reliability be impressed on the general public: by information and advertising about the air  conditioners  features, or by the willingness to offer a longer warranty than the competition? Moreover, what will the sales consequences be if the cost