by的用法小结.doc

by的用法小结 1.用于被动语态的句子中,表示动作的执行者,意为“被;由”。 ?? The book was written by Lu Xun.这本书是鲁迅写的。 2.表示方式、方法、手段等,后常接无冠词的名词或动名词,意为“通过;靠;用”。 ? Dont judge a person by appearances. 勿以貌取人。 ? He made a living by teaching.他以教书为生。 3.表示时间,意为“到……时(为止”或“不迟于……”。 ? He ought to be here by now.他现在应该在这儿了。 ? By the time he was ten, he had learnt about 1,000 English words.到十岁时,他已学了约一千个英语单词。 4.表示(增减)程度,尺寸数量等,意为“至……的程度”。 ? the bullet missed me by two inches.那子弹以两英寸之差未击中我。 ? the rope needs to be longer by two feet.这绳子需要再长两英尺。 5.表示交通路线或工具,后接名词不用冠词,意为“乘;坐”。 ? go by bus / plane / train 乘汽车(飞机、火车)去 ? travel by land / sea / air 陆上(海上、空中)旅行 6.表示位置,意为“在近旁;在……旁边”。 ? There is a pumping station by the river.河边有个抽水站。 词by可以用来表示方位、时间、手段等,其用法在高考中曾多次出现。下面结合高考试卷和其它一些例句做一下归纳： 一、by+地点名词。表方位，意为：“在…旁边”。如：by the lake/river/tree/window/door等。 She searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.(NMET90)她搜索了山顶，然后停下来在路边的一块大石头上休息。 After supper she would sit down by the fire,sometimes for as long as an hour,thinking of her young and happy days.(2003上海·春）晚饭后，她常坐在火旁，有时长达一个小时地回忆她那青春、快乐的年代。 注：有时可表:“从…旁经过”,多与动词go/walk/pass等连用。 As we boys were rushing towards the playground,Jim slipped by the table.(NMET92完形）当我们这些男生冲向操场时，吉姆从桌旁溜过。 二、by+时间名词。意为：“到…时（已发生某事），此时谓语多用完成时；最晚、不迟于…，在…之前”。如：by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of/three o`clock等。 By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed.(2003上海·春）到去年年底，又有一座新体育馆峻工了。 The train leaves at 6:00 pm.So I have to be at the station by 5:40 pm at the latest.(NMET97)火车下午六点开，所以最晚我得五点四十赶到车站。 三、by+名词。可用来表方法、方式、手段等。 1、by+the+可数的时间、长度、重量等名词。意为：“按…计算，按…买(卖)”。如：by the pound/ton/yard/meter/dozen/bale/day/month等。 Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.(NMET98)城市里的女清洁工通常按小时获得报酬。 In the market,tobacco is sold by the bale,eggs by the dozen and salt by the pound.在市场里，烟叶按捆卖，鸡蛋按打卖，盐按磅卖。 2、by+表示时间、长度、重量等总称的不可数名词（名词前不加冠词）。意为：“按…计算，按…买(卖)”。如：by time/volume/length/weight/height/depth/width/area等。 As we all know,the freight of the luggage