武科大流体力学GenaralReview.ppt

General Review 总复习 Definition of a fluid In physics, a fluid is a substance that continually deforms under an applied shear stress, no matter how small it is. Chapter 2. FLUID STATICS 第二章 流体静力学 Chapter 3. FLUID FLOW CONCEPTS BASIC EQUATIONS第三章 流体流动概念和基本方程组 Chapter 4. FLUID RESISTANCE 4. 流体阻力 EXAMPLE 4.6 Chapter 5. APPLICATIONS OF FLUID MECHANICS 第五章 流体力学应用 5.1 Orifices5.1 孔口 5.3 WATERHAMMER5.3 水击 Method of reducing waterhammer: 1) Delay the time of valve open or close 2) Reducing the length of pipe 3) Reducing the velocity gradient of flow in the pipe D1/δ1 = D2/δ2 Fundamental formula for discharge through orifice can be expressed as: The flow coefficient, Cq, is mainly determined by the structure of orifice, discharge condition and the Reynolds number. 5.1.4 Discharge of other orifice Waterhammer is a transient pressure phenomenon due to the unsteady flow in pressure pipe Waterhammer the pressure head upstream pipe is constant the valve K is in the fully open position at first 5.3.1 Waterhammer phenomenon Figure 5.6 Pipeline with a valve V0 p K l 3.3.2 Control volume Control volume (cv, 控制体) is defined as an invariably hollow volume or frame fixed in space or moving with constant velocity through which the fluid flows. The boundary of control volume is called control surface (cs, 控制面). For a cv: 1) its shape, volume and its cs can not change with time. 2) it is stationary in the coordinate system. (in this book) 3) there may be the exchange of mass and energy on the cs. Eulerian it’s shape, volume and boundary can not change; it is fixed; has the exchanges of mass and energy. a geometrically defined volume in space through which fluid particles may flow in or out of the control volume. Hence it will contain different fluid particles at different points in time. (opened) Control Volume (cv) Lagrangian it’s shape, volume and boundary can change with time; i