2曼昆经济学原理(第六版)宏观-第二讲生活费用的衡量.ppt

* * This graph replicates Figure 3 from this chapter. The figure is constructed using quarterly data from the U.S. The nominal interest rate is the rate on a three-month Treasury Bill. The real interest rate is the same, minus the inflation rate as measured by the percentage change in the CPI. Notice that the nominal and real interest rates often do not move together, indicating that the real interest rate varies over time. Sources: CPI – Bureau of Labor Statistics Treasury bill rate – Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. I obtained both from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis “Fred” database: /fred2/ * Students understand substitution bias better if they work a concrete example like the one on this slide. Before displaying the questions (A + B), you might want to ask your class why households bought different quantities of beef and chicken in 2006 than they did in 2005. Or if that seems too easy, just mention before displaying questions A and B that households are responding to the change in relative prices: beef has become a lot more expensive relative to chicken, so households buy less beef and more chicken. * This is just a straight-forward calculation. * Ask students which inflation rate (30% or 40%) they think more accurately measures the true increase in the cost of living for this example. Most students will correctly say “30%.” Ask them to explain their reasoning. You are guiding them to figure out substitution bias and why it’s a problem. 一国收入的衡量 ? 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved C H A P T E R 第二讲 生活费用的衡量 24 本章将探索这些问题的答案: 什么是消费物价指数 (CPI)？如何计算？它有什么用? CPI存在怎样的问题?它们有多严重？ CPI与GDP平减指数有何区别? 如何用CPI来比较不同年份相同数量的货币? 怎样用通货膨胀来校正利率？ * * 一、消费物价指数 (CPI) 消费物价指数（consumer price index,CPI）是综合反映普通消费者购买的各种消费品和生活服务价格的变动程度的一种经济指数。 衡量普通消费者的生活成本。 衡量通货膨胀的指标。 在许多合同与社会保障中作为生活费用调整的依据。 0 * 二、消费物价指数的计算原理 固定 “篮子”劳工统计局通过调查消费者找出普通消费者 “购物篮”中的物品 找出价格劳工统计局收集购物篮中所有物品价格的数据 计算这一篮子东西的费用 用价格数据计算出这一篮子物品的费用 0 * 二、