4 Sedimentary Petrology.pptVIP

Chapter 4 Sedimentary Petrology 4.1 Sedimentary Structures 4.2 Terrigenous Clastic Rocks 4.3 Carbonate Rocks 4.4 Sedimentary Environments and Facies Many different terms are used to describe the study of sedimentary rocks, including sedimentary petrology, sedimentation, sedimentology, and stratigraphy. intrabasinal or au’tochthonous extrabasinal or a’llochthonous 4.1 Sedimentary Structures identification, description, classification, and interpretation how specific sedimentary structures are related to such aspects of ancient depositional environments as relative water energy, water depth, and current flow directions. be secondary in origin 次生成因 bedforms such as ripples and dunes Origins of Sedimentary Structures physical processes involving moving water or wind that operate at the time of deposition physical processes such as gravity slumping or sediment loading that deform unconsolidated sediment after initial deposition (soft-sediment deformation) biogenic origin, formed by the burrowing, boring, browsing, or sediment-binding activities of organisms chemical precipitation processes Sedimentary structures may be classified purely on the basis of their morphological or descriptive characteristics or on the basis of presumed mode of origin. Bedding Structures Bedding, stratification 层理，成层性 Bed 层，bedding planes bed – 1 cm – laminae 层和纹层： The lamina is the smallest sedimentation unit and is characterized more by being a part of a bed than by its thickness. Lamination is commonly an internal structure of a bed. Bedding Structures Parallel lamination Parallel？horizontal？flat？水平－平行 In fine sands and clays it commonly is formed through deposition from suspension. in sand-grade sediment, formed by turbulent flows at high flow velocities. chemical precipitation, as in subaqueous evaporites Graded bedding normal grading: fining-upward reverse or inverse grading: coarsening-upward Bouma (1962) sequence: turbidity current origin Cross-bedding,