Outlines of Systemic Functional Grammar.docVIP

Outlines of Systemic Functional Grammar Lecture 3 Systemic Functional Theories The Secret History of Mongols Halliday’s doctoral dissertation : 1 context 2 relations between “synchronic” and “diachronic” 3 grammatical categories（语法范畴）: unit（单位）, constituent（成分） and class（类）.4 comprehensiveness and validity 5 European structural description: “character”, “character and language”, “grammar”, “word” and “phonology and labels” one by one rather than phonology in the first place as American Structuralism does; Firth’s idea: linguistic analysis may begin at any level according to practical requirement Scale and category grammar In scale and category grammar Halliday points out that language has formal meaning and contextual meaning, with the latter attached to the former in logic. Unit: Halliday holds that there are five units in English, i.e. clause complex sentence , clause, word group/phrase, word, and morpheme. Structure: linear relations such as Subject（主语）, Predicator（谓语）, Complement（补语） and Adjunct（附加语）or Modifier（修饰语） + Head（中心词） + Qualifier（后修饰语） in Nominal Group（名词词组）. Class: paradigmatic relations System: a set of choices Scale（阶）: including rank（级）, exponence（说明） and delicacy（精密度）, equivalent to hierarchy（等级系统）, taxonomy（分类学） and cline respectively（连续体）. In English there are five ranks: Clause complex/sentence Clause Word group/phrase Word Morpheme Exponence: Category Exponence Unit Word group the old man Structure article + adjective + noun the old man Class Nominal group the old man System Nominal group the old man Verbal group Adjectival group Adverbial group Delicacy: detailed description of scale: for instance, in tag questions we have Finite ^Subject Lexis（词汇）: cooccurence（搭配或共现）, for instance: process + instrument quack + duck, mew + cat, age + wine , process + manner strike + hard, eat + out, wash + up , process + range（范围） take + bath, do + dance, make + decision, go +swimming , aspect + thing pack + dogs/wolves, school + fish ; set（集）,