光度学基础学习笔记.docxVIP

光度学基础学习笔记—— Photometry principles摘要整理光度学基础理论王磊2013-12-18简介光度学是1760年由朗伯建立的，且定义了光通量、发光强度、照度、亮度等主要光学光度学参量，并用数学阐明了它们之间的关系和光度学几个重要定律，如照度的叠加性定律、距离平方比定律、照度的余弦定律等，这些定律一直沿用至今，实践已证明是正确的。 在可见光波段内，考虑到人眼的主观因素后的相应计量学科称为光度学。参量定义光度学（Photometry）的核心定义是光通量Φ，单位是流明，可以理解为光能的功率。其他定义与其的关系如下：双向反射分布函数BRDF被定义为物体表面处辐射度和辐照度的比值（单位sr-1）：整理后得到点光源情况下辐射度的公式：因： 带入上式，得到光源不是点光源情况下，如光源区域在Ω内，辐射度的公式：典型反射模型Lambert： ——描述：理想漫反射模型Lommel-Seelinger： 一般p(α)=1——描述：月球天体模型Lunar-Lambert：描述：月球天体模型Phong： ——,—— s:surface smoothness描述：漫反射与镜面反射综合模型Oren–NayarThe surface roughness model used in the derivation of the Oren-Nayar model is the microfacet model, proposed by Torrance and Sparrow,[2] which assumes the surface to be composed of long symmetric V-cavities. Each cavity consists of two planar facets. The roughness of the surface is specified using a probability function for the distribution of facet slopes. In particular, the Gaussian distribution is often used, and thus the variance of the Gaussian distribution, , is a measure of the roughness of the surfaces. The standard deviation of the facet slopes (gradient of the surface elevation), ranges in .In the Oren–Nayar reflectance model, each facet is assumed to be Lambertian in reflectance. As shown in the image at right, given the radiance of the incoming light , the radiance of the reflected light , according to the Oren-Nayar model, isWhere and is the albedo of the surface, and is the roughness of the surface. In the case of (i.e., all facets in the same plane), we have , and , and thus the Oren-Nayar model simplifies to the Lambertian model:Minnaert functionFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThe Minnaert function is a photometric function used to interpret astronomical observations [1][2] and remote sensing data for the Earth.[3] This function expresses the radiance factor (RADF) as a function the phase angle () and the photometric latitude () and the photometric longitude ().where is the Minnaert albedo, is an empirical parameter, is the scattered r