机电英语文本4.docVIP

Unit FOUR PartⅠ Passage Dimensional Control 1.In the early days of engineering, the mating of parts was achieved by machining one part as nearly as possible to the required size, machining the mating part nearly to size, and then completing its machining, continually offering the other part to it, until the desired relationship was obtained.1 2.If it was inconvenient to offer one part to the other part during machining, the final work was done at the bench by a fitter, who scraped the mating parts until the desired fit was obtained, the fitter therefore being a 揻itter?in the literal sense. It was obvious that the two parts would have to remain together, and in the event of one having to be replaced, the fitting would have to be done all over again. 3.In these days, we expect to be able to purchase a replacement for a broken part, and for it to function correctly without the need for scraping and other fitting operations. When one part can be used 搊ff the shelf?to replace another of the same dimension and material specification, the part is said to be interchangeable.2 ot 4.A system of interchangeability usually lowers the production costs, as there is no need for an expensive 揻iddling?operation, and it also benefits the customers in the event of the need to replace worn parts. It also, however, demands that the dimensions of mating parts be specified, and that dimensional variations, due to machine and operator shortcomings, be taken into account. 5. Some form of inspection must be introduced to ensure that the manufacture is controlled; this is particularly important, because dimensional errors may not be revealed until some time has elapsed, and often many miles from the place where the machining was done. 6.Tolerance and limits of size Since it is accepted that it is virtually impossible to manufacture a part without error, or in the rare event of a part being without error,3 to be able to proclaim it to be perfect ( because the measuring instruments a