影响药物作用的因素(精选).docVIP

肝功能障碍时，对药物转化能力降低，药物的半衰期延长，药物的作用便得到加强或延长，还可能增加对药物的不良反应。肾功能不全时，药物排泄发生障碍，必须延长给药的间隔时间，否则会因药物在体内蓄积而发生中毒。Liver dysfunction, the drugs ability to transform lower extend the half-life of the drug, the drug effect will be strengthened or extended, but also may increase the adverse drug reactions. Renal insufficiency, drug excretion disorders, must be extended dosing interval of time, otherwise it will accumulate in the body due to drug poisoning. 个体差异包括量的差异和质的差异，现分述如下： （一）量的差异 个别个体对某种药物的敏感性高于一般个体，给予较小剂量就能引起强烈的反应或中毒者，称为高敏性。另一方面，还有个别个体对某种药物的敏感性比一般个体低，必须给予大剂量才能产生应有的效治疗效果，称为耐受性。例如硫酸钠对个别马匹必须用800—1000g才能引起下泻作用。 （二）质的差异 由于个别个体体质的特殊，对药物呈现与众不同的反应，是质的差异。有以下两种情况： 1.特异质 这是体质的特殊。一般给马注射吗啡后，产生痛觉减轻，中枢抑制，并能很快安静下来；但临床上偶尔见个别马匹在给吗啡之后，反而兴奋不安；也有出现荨麻疹瘙痒等特异质反应的。 2.变态反应 这是免疫反应异常的一表种现，例如应用青霉素引起的过敏反应。 Individual differences, including the amount of differences and qualitative differences are summarized as follows:(A) the amount of the difference in the individual individuals sensitivity to particular drugs is higher than the general individual, to give smaller doses can cause a strong reaction or poisoning, known as hypersensitivity. On the other hand, the individual individuals sensitivity to particular drugs is lower than the average individual must be given large doses to produce the necessary effective treatment is called tolerance. Such as sodium sulfate individual horses must be 800-1000g can cause devaluation.(B) qualitative differences due to individual individual physical special, the drug presents a unique response, is a qualitative difference. There are two cases:An idiosyncratic special constitution. General to Ma morphine, produce pain relief, the central inhibition, and can quickly quiet down; clinical occasionally see individual horses to morphine, but excited and uneasy; hives, itching, and other idiosyncratic reactions.Allergy which abnormal immune response to the table now, such as allergic reactions caused by the application of penicillin. 药物的化学性----包括药物的稳定性、酸碱性和解离度等，以及某些物理性