科普论坛突发灾害和力学.ppt

29th ICSU GA (2005）: Natural and Human-Induced Hazards Frequency: the number of events is increasing dramatically Hazards and disasters The economic impacts of natural disasters are increasing dramatically Fraction in top constructions around the World: Top buildings： 6/10 Top cable-stayed bridge ：7/10 (武汉天兴洲长江公铁大桥 L=504米，H=189米) Top Long-span Suspension Bridges ：3/10 (苏通大桥主桥, L=1088m，H=306m) DAM height: 锦屏一级拱坝高305m，小湾拱坝高297m ………………………………………………………………….. Disasters in China： Earthquake： 44（﹥M7），5（﹥M8） （20th Century） Typhoon: 7/year，……. 倒塌前的雷峰塔 1924 年9月25日下午倒塌 塔科马大桥的坍塌 1940年11月7日，享有当时的世界的单跨桥之王的塔科马大桥， 被一阵不太强的风颳跨，坍塌。 卡门涡街 1911年在哥廷根，博士生希门茨研究水流中的圆柱表面的压力. 测出的压力总是波动不已. “希门茨以日耳曼人那股傻劲, 将圆柱磨得滚圆, 将水槽精磨固定, 但是, 圆柱总是晃动” “到周末，我下决心来探索晃动的原因。我考虑了两种可能性。 我假设涡流从圆柱体顶部和底部交替出现，我清晰地想象到，若两股涡流按一定稽核图案排列，其外形就会稳定” 经过仔细的 “做” --- 力学和数学分析, 求解, 再实验, 冯。卡门终于发现了 “卡门” 涡街. STS-51-L was the 25th launch of a Space Shuttle and the tenth launch of the Challenger. It exploded 73 seconds after launch on Jan 28，1986，because of solid rocket booster failure. CAIB final report Aug 26， 2003 Major findings 82 seconds after launch a large piece of foam insulating material from the external tank broke free and struck the leading edge of the shuttles left wing, damaging the protective carbon heat shielding tiles. This damage allowed super-heated gases to enter the wing structure during re-entry into the earths atmosphere and caused the destruction of the Columbia. The first recommendation was that NASA develop an inspection plan to examine the Reinforced Carbon Carbon (RCC) system components (R3.3-1). The RCC system is used on the parts of the orbiter that are subjected to the greatest amount of heat during reentry. These areas include the leading edges of the wings, the area aft of the nose cap, and the area around the forward orbiter/external tank attachment structure. The Board found that the current techniques that are used to examine th