材料概论复习资料1.docVIP

?? 影响材料使用的因素 ?? Materials behavior ?? Availability ?? Cost ?? Synthesis and production method（材料的合成与生产方法） ?? Processing techniques ?? Environmental acceptability Factors on the properties of materials 结构决定性能 15 ?? 组成材料的各元素的原子结构， ?? Atomic structure ?? 原子间的相互作用、相互结合， ?? Nature of chemical bonds ?? 原子或分子在空间的排列分布和运动规律, ?? Atomic ordering ?? 原子集合体的形貌特征。 ?? Microstructure Properties of Materials ?? Mechanical properties: ?? The behavior of materials deformed by a set of forces. ?? 弹性Elasticity ?? 塑性Plasticity ?? 强度Strength ?? 硬度Hardness ?? 韧性Toughness ?? 疲劳特性Fatigue behaviour ?? 耐磨性Abrasion resistance Classification of materials: based on atomic structures and the nature of bonds Metals and their alloys Organic polymers Ceramics Mechanical properties : which reflect the behavior of materials ,deformed by a set of forces Physical properties : which describe the behavior of materials subjected to the action of temperature ,electric or magnetic fields ,or light . Chemical properties : which characterize the behavior of material in a reactive environment . Types of materials 1 metal it is strong and can be readily formed into practical shapes .its extensive , permanent ductility is an important asset in permitting small amounts of yielding to sudden and severe loads . 2 ceramics and glasses Chemical stable , siginificantly higher melting point , brittleness 3 polymers polymers are frequently lightweight ,lowcost ,lower strength ,lower melting point and higher chemical reactivity 4 composites it carries along the superior properties of each component , producing a product that is superior to either of the components separately Solids exist in the nature in two principal forms : crystalline and amorphous An elementary cell of crystal lattice is described ?? Three sections a, b, and c, ?? Three angles made by each two of these sections, α, β, and γ. ?? 晶格常数lattice constant / lattice spacing: a、b、c. crystal structure : body-centered cubic structu