宇宙射线简介.pptxVIP

An Introduction to COSMIC RAYSWEI HONGJIANGSESS, PKUDiscovery of Cosmic Rays1785 Charles CoulombDiscovered that charged body in the air becomes discharged1909 Theodor WulfDiscovered higher levels of radiation at the top of the Eiffel Tower than at its base with an electrometer developed by himselfDiscovery of Cosmic Rays1912 Victor HessFound the ionization rate increased approximately fourfold over the rate at ground level at an altitude of 5300metersMade a balloon ascent during a near-total eclipse and ruled out the Sun as the radiations sourceWon the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936Discovery with Cosmic Rays1932 C. AndersonDiscovered the anti-electron1936 S. Neddermeyer and C. AndersonDiscovered the muon1938 Pierre Auger and Roland MazeDiscovered Extensive Air Shower1946 G. Rochester and C. ButlerDiscovered K01965 A. Penzias and R. WilsonDiscovered CBM RadiationPrimary Cosmic RaysAtomic nuclei zooming through space90% protons, 9% helium nuclei, nearly 1% electrons and heavy nucleus. Others are neutrinos, Gamma rays and antimatterPrimary Cosmic RaysElemental abundance in the CRs and the Galaxy (Relative to H)Primary Cosmic RaysThe energy spectrum for cosmic raysSecondary Cosmic RaysParticles generated in the cascade process that started by Primary CRs hit other nucleus in the atmosphereCan travel faster than the speed of light in air (still slower than that in vacuum)Secondary Cosmic RaysVertical fluxes of cosmic rays in the atmosphereExtensive Air ShowerAn extensive cascade of ionized particles and electromagnetic radiation produced in the atmosphereCascade: An incident particle, which could be a proton, a nucleus, an electron, a photon, or (rarely) a positron, strikes a molecule in the air so as to produce many energetic hadronsThe unstable hadrons decay in the air speedily into other particles and electromagnetic radiation, which are part of the shower componentsExtensive Air ShowerElectromagnetic EASHadron-induced EASExtensive Air ShowerShower particle tra