英语翻译作业英文录入.docVIP

英语翻译作业英文录入 13.2.3 Coulomb’s Law（库仑定律） Electric forces between charged objects were measured quantitatively by Charles Coulomb 1736-1806 using a torsion balance of his own invention. In Coulomb’s experiment,the charged spheres were much smaller than the distance between them so that the charges could be treated as point charges.Coulomb used the method of charging by induction to produce equally charged spheres.For example,beginning with charge on each sphere,he could reduce the charge to by temporarily grounding one sphere to discharge it and then placing the two spheres in contact.The results of the experiments of Coulomb and others are summarized in Coulomb’s law. The force exerted by one point charge on another acts along the line between the charges.It varies inversely as the square of the distance separating the charges and is proportional to the product of the charges.The force is repulsive if the charges have the same sign and attractive if the charges have opposite signs. The magnitude of the electric force exerted by a charge on another charge is thus given as where is the distance between and ,k is an experimentally determined constant called the Coulomb’s constant,which has the value Coulomb’s law is given in vector equation by where is a unit vector pointing from to and is the force exerted by on .If and have the same sign,the force on is in the same direction as ,and is directed away from .If and are of opposite signs,the force on is in the direction opposite to ,and is directed toward .From Newton’s third law,we see that the electric force exerted by on is equal in magnitude to the force exerted by on and in the opposite direction;that is,.The Coulomb constant k is also written as where ,known as the permittivity of free space,has the value Therefore,in free space the expression of Coulomb’s Law is also written as 14.2.1 Gauss’s Law（高斯定理） Gauss’s Law,which relates the electric field on a closed surface to the net charge within