energetics sl.ppt

Energetics Thermochemistry is the study of energy changes associated with chemical reaction. 化学热力学研究化学反应中的能量变化 Most chemical reactions absorb or evolve energy in the form of heat, though chemical reactions can also produce light and mechanical energy. 大多数化学反应都会以热能的形式吸收或释放出能量，尽管有一些化学反应也能产生光能或机械能。 Enthalpy 焓 Enthalpy（H） is the total energy of a system, some of which is stored as chemical potential energy in the chemical bond. 焓指的是一个系统的总能量，其中一些是以化学势能的形式储存在化学键中的。 In chemical reactions, bonds are broken and made, but the energy absorbed in breaking bonds is almost never exactly equal to that released in making new bons. 化学反应中，旧化学键断开，新化学键形成，但是旧化学键断开时的能量和新化学键形成时释放的能量几乎从来不相等。 Enthalpy Change 焓变 As a result, all reactions are accompanied by a change in the potential energy of the bonds and hence an enthalpy change(△H). 因此，所有的化学反应都伴随有化学键中的化学势能的变化，引起了焓变(△H). There is no ‘absolute zero’ for enthalpy, so absolute enthalpies for particular states cannot be measured. But the change in enthalpy that occurs during an reactioin can be measured. It is equal to the difference in the potential energy of the chemical bonds. Endothermic reaction If a chemical reaction leads to an increase in enthalpy (the total energy of the products is greater than the total enthalpy of the reactants, so △H is positive), then heat energy is absorbed. This is described as an endothermic reaction. 如果化学反应引起焓的增加（生成物的总能量大于反应物的总能量， △H 是正数），那么反应吸热。这叫做吸热反应。 Exothermic reaction If the chemicals lose enthalpy (△H is negative), then the heat energy lost by the chemicals is gained by the surroundings and they get hotter. 如果化学反应失去焓（ △H是负值），那么化学物质失去的能量被环境所吸收，环境温度升高。 In an exothermic reaction the products are more stable than the reactants (bonds made are stronger than bonds broken), so that △H is negative. In an endothermic reaction the opposite is true. Written form The enthalpy change will vary with the amount of the limiting reagent, so by convention it is given for molar amounts in the equation as it i