04a+Second+Law+concepts.pptVIP

Atkins de Paula: Atkins’ Physical Chemistry 7e 4 The Second law: the concepts Bilingual Course by Jianping Liu 04 The second law: the concepts The purpose of this chapter explain the origin of the spontaneity of physical and chemical change ? the entropy define, measure, and use the entropy ? the spontaneous changes to discuss spontaneous changes quantitatively ? the Gibbs energy the subsidiary thermodynamic property Two kinds of perpetual motion machine ? The first kind ? The second kind The natural processes ? the gas expansion ? the heat transfer T2 T1 ? a chemical reaction irreversible = reversible ? reversible 系统复原，环境同时复原； 在环境不留功变热的变化。 ? Irreversible 系统复原后 在环境留下功变热的变化。 the direction of change that does not require work to be done to bring it about ? non-spontaneous change the electrolysis of water the chemical reaction must be brought about by doing work ? spontaneous change The statement of the Second Law ? the Kelvin statement Carnot cycle 1. Heat engine Step one Step two Step three Step four Relation Total Work at page 95 Carnot cycle 2 Efficiency of heat engine all reversible engines have the same efficiency regardless of their construction. The direction of spontaneous change ? What determines the direction of spontaneous change? not the total energy of the isolated system ? The energy of the system tends towards a minimum? ? Related to the distribution of energy? That’s the key idea 4.1 The dispersal of energy ? a ball bouncing on a floor The direction of spontaneous change is towards a state in which the ball is at rest with all its energy dispersed into random thermal motion of molecules in the air and of the atoms of the virtually infinite floor. 4.1 The dispersal of energy The signpost of spontaneous change ? the bouncing ball the energy is spread out as thermal motion of the atoms of the floor. ? the spontaneous expansion a natural consequence of energy becoming more dispersed as the gas molecules occupy a larger volume. 4