成教英语.pptVIP

Computer English I Unit Three Computer Language and Programming Section A Introduction Language Types Classification of High-level Languages Language Structure and Components History I. Introduction Programming languages, in computer science, are the artificial languages used to write a sequence of instructions (a computer program) that can be run by a computer. Similar to natural languages, such as English, programming languages have a vocabulary, grammar, and syntax. 在计算机科学中，编程语言是用来编写可被计算机运行的一系列指令（计算机程序）的人工语言。与英语等自然语言相类似，编程语言具有词汇、语法和句法。 I. Introduction However, natural languages are not suited for programming computers because they are ambiguous, meaning that their vocabulary and grammatical structure may be interpreted in multiple ways. The languages used to program computers must have simple logical structures, and the rules for their grammar, spelling, and punctuation must be precise. 然而，自然语言不适合计算机编程，因为它们能引起歧义，也就是说它们的词汇和语法结构可以用多种方式进行解释。用于计算机编程的语言必须具有简单的逻辑结构，而且它们的语法、拼写和标点符号的规则必须精确。 I. Introduction Programming languages vary greatly in their sophistication and in their degree of versatility. Some programming languages are written to address a particular kind of computing problem or for use on a particular model of computer system. For instance, programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL were written to solve certain general types of programming problems —— FORTRAN for scientific applications, and COBOL for business applications. 编程语言在复杂性和通用程度上大相径庭。有些编程语言是为了处理特定类型的计算问题或为了用于特定型号的计算机系统而编写的。例如，FORTRAN和COBOL等编程语言是为解决某些普遍的编程问题类型而编写的——FORTRAN为了科学领域的应用，而COBOL为了商业领域的应用。 I. Introduction Although these languages were designed to address specific categories of computer problems, they are highly portable, meaning that they may be used to program many types of computers. Other languages, such as machine languages, are designed to be us