2.1 基因组.pptVIP

Genome organization and evolution The vast majority of DNA in the genomes of Bacteria and Archaea produces protein (88% in the case of E. coli), yet 97% of the vertebrate genome is composed of non-coding DNA and may therefore have no function. Most of the eukaryote genome is made up of DNA sequences that are repeated very many times and many genes are arranged into multigene families. Only a twofold variation in genome size among mammalian species (the largest known genome is found in the aardvark蹲坐的老虎，罕见物种 , the smallest in a Muntjak deer), there is tenfold variation within anuran (无尾类的) amphibians (frogs and toads), at least a hundredfold variation between insects, and an enormous 350-fold variation among bony fish. Why are genomes so large if most DNA is redundant(多余的) ? The number of genes found in different species also varies considerably. These differences in gene number cannot explain the huge variation in C-values. Some have acquired mutations, such as those that block the initiation of transcription, prevent correct RNA splicing or introduce premature stop codons, which inactivate them. These dead genes are called pseudogenes. These processed pseudogenes have probably been produced by the reverse transcription of the mature mRNA transcript of a gene (which will itself lack introns and promoter sequences). Pseudogenes are sometimes found on a different chromosome from their functional ancestor, it is clear that they can be transmitted throughout the genome. The evolution of multigene families Gene number can change between species is through gene duplication. Unequal crossing-over. Can take place is through polyploidy. Polyploidy is much more common in plants. Occurred fairly regularly in amphibians like the toad Xenopus laevis (非洲爪蟾). Other species in the genus Xenopus verying from 20 to 108. Gene duplication can occur is through transposition. The transposable elements, which are a major component of eukaryotic genomes. The new copy is auto