03-DataTransmission.pptVIP

* Consider the relationship among data rate, noise, and error rate. The presence of noise can corrupt one or more bits. If the data rate is increased, then the bits become shorter so that more bits are affected by a given pattern of noise. Mathematician Claude Shannondeveloped a formula relating these. For a given level of noise, expect that a greater signal strength would improve the ability to receive data correctly in the presence of noise. The key parameter involved is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR, or S/N), which is the ratio of the power in a signal to the power contained in the noise that is present at a particular point in the transmission. Typically, this ratio is measured at a receiver, because it is at this point that an attempt is made to process the signal and recover the data. For convenience, this ratio is often reported in decibels. This expresses the amount, in decibels, that the intended signal exceeds the noise level. A high SNR will mean a high-quality signal and a low number of required intermediate repeaters. The signal-to-noise ratio is important in the transmission of digital data because it sets the upper bound on the achievable data rate. Shannons result is that the maximum channel capacity, in bits per second, obeys the equation shown. C is the capacity of the channel in bits per second and B is the bandwidth of the channel in Hertz. The Shannon formula represents the theoretical maximum that can be achieved. In practice, however, only much lower rates are achieved, in part because formula only assumes white noise (thermal noise). * Stallings DCC8e Chapter 3 summary. Shannon Capacity Formula consider relation of data rate, noise error rate faster data rate shortens each bit so bursts of noise affects more bits given noise level, higher rates means higher errors Shannon developed formula relating these to signal to noise ratio (in decibels) SNRdb=10 log10 (signal/noise) Capacity C=B log2(1+SNR) theoretical maximum capacity get lower in p