2当代管理学(第2章翻译C-E)当代管理理论的演进.pptVIP

Scientific Management theory Modern management began in the late 19th century. Organizations were seeking ways to better satisfy customer needs. Machinery was changing the way goods were produced. Managers had to increase the efficiency of the worker-task mix. 科学管理理论 现代的管理起源于19 世纪晚期。 组织正在寻求更好满足客户需求的方法。 机器正在改变商品生产的方式。 管理者必须提高工人与工作的效率。 Job specialization Adam Smith, 18th century economist, found firms manufactured pins in two ways: Craft -- each worker did all steps. Factory -- each worker specialized in one step. Smith found that the factory method had much higher productivity. Each worker became very skilled at one, specific task. Breaking down the total job allowed for the division of labor. 工作专业化与劳动分工 亚当?史密斯 , 18 世纪经济学者,发现公司以两种方式制造产品: 小作坊 -- 每个工人做了所有的步骤。 分工 -- 每个工人专攻一个步骤。 史密斯发现劳动分工的方法有更加高的生产率。 每个工人在某一项特定工作上变得技术纯熟。 打破整体工作，允许对劳动力进行分配。 Evolution of Management Theory 管理理论的进化 Scientific Management Defined by Frederick Taylor, late 1800’s. The systematic study of the relationships between people and tasks to redesign the work for higher efficiency. Taylor sought to reduce the time a worker spent on each task by optimizing the way the task was done. 科学管理 在19世纪末由弗雷德里克?泰勒阐述。 以提高效率为目的，重新设计工作过程，对员工与工作任务之间的关系进行系统的研究。 泰勒努力寻找减少每个工人花费在每项工作的时间的方法，并使此方法尽可能完善。 The 4 Principles Four Principles to increase efficiency: 1. Study the way the job is performed now determine new ways to do it. Gather detailed, time and motion information. Try different methods to see which is best. 2. Codify the new method into rules. Teach to all workers. 3. Select workers whose skills match the rules set in Step 2. 4. Establish a fair level of performance and pay for higher performance. Workers should benefit from higher output. 4项原则 四项提高效率的原则: 1. 研究工作现行 的方法和决定用新的方法。 收集细节,时间和动态数据。 尝试不同的方法，审视哪一个是最好的。 2. 将新的方法整理成规则。 教给所有的工人。 3. 利用技术匹配规则挑选出与 2 步骤中规则相匹配的工人。 4. 制定出一个公平的绩效水平，对超出既定水平的工作绩效给与奖励 工人应该获益于较高的产量。 Problems of Scientific Management Managers often implemented only the increased output side of Taylor