(累加器).pptVIP

William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 7th Edition Chapter 2Computer Evolution (進化) and Performance ENIAC - background ENIAC The first general-purpose electronic digital computer Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Mauchly Eckert, at University of Pennsylvania Trajectory (彈道) tables for weapons Started 1943 Finished 1946 Too late for war effort Used until 1955 ENIAC - details Decimal (not binary) 20 accumulators (累加器) of 10 digits Programmed manually by switches 18,000 vacuum tubes (真空管) 30 tons 15,000 square feet 140 kW power consumption (消耗) 5,000 additions per second The von Neumann/Turing Machine Stored-Program concept John von Neumann, ENIAC consultant Alan Turing IAS computer, at Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies, completed in 1952 Main memory storing programs and data ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) operating on binary data Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing Input and output (I/O) equipment operated by control unit Structure of von Neumann machine The IAS Computer, 1952 IAS - details 1000 x 40 bit words Binary number 2 x 20 bit instructions Set of registers (storage locations in CPU) Memory Buffer Register Memory Address Register Instruction Register Instruction Buffer Register Program Counter Accumulator Multiplier Quotient (商數) IAS Memory Formats Structure of IAS – detail IAS Instruction Set (1/2) IAS Instruction Set (2/2) Commercial Computers 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations (戶口普查) Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation Late 1950s - UNIVAC II Faster More memory IBM Punched (打孔)-card processing equipment 1953 - the 701 IBM’s first stored program computer Scientific calculations 1955 - the 702 Business applications Lead to 700/7000 series Transistors -- 2nd Generation Replaced vacuum tubes Smaller Cheaper Less heat dissipation (消散) Solid State device Made from Silicon (Sand) Invented 1947 at