Electrons and atoms.docVIP

Electrons and atoms Electrons Thermionic emission(热致发射) Power使filament变热，当达到thermionic threshold energy时，电子被发射出来，从evacuated bulb中移动到anode,形成电流使串联的电流表出现示数。 ● Cathode ray Beams of electrons moving at high speed are called cathode rays.阴极射线：高速移动的电子数 The cathode rays evidently travel in straight lines. The rays are clearly deflected by a magnetic field. Deflection of an electron beam by a magnetic field path of an electron beam at right angles to a magnetic field (电子运动方向与磁场方向成直角) by an electric field Path of an electron beam incident perpendicular to an electric field（电子向电场正极偏转） ○ Cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) 示波器 a) Electron gun b) Fluorescent screen: A bright spot of light is produced on the screen where the beam hits it. c) Deflecting system The Y-plates are horizontal but create a vertical electric field which deflects the beam vertically. The X-plates are vertical and deflect the beam horizontally. Radioactivity Background radiation causes partly by radioactive materials in rocks, the air and our bodies, and partly by cosmic rays from outer space. ● Ionizing effect of radiation A charged electroscope discharges when a lighted match or a radium source (held in forceps) is brought near the cap. The flame knocks electrons out of surrounding air molecules leaving them as positively charged ions, i.e. air molecules which have lost one or more electrons. The radiation causes the same effect, called ionization. The positive ions are attracted to the cap if it is negatively charged; if it is positively charged the electrons are attracted. As a result in either case the charge on electroscope is neutralized, i.e. it lost its charge. ● Geiger-Miiller (GM) tube When radiation enters a GM tube, either through a thin end-window made of mica; or if it is very penetrating, through the wall, it creates argon ions and electrons. These are accelerated towards the electrodes and cause more ionization by colliding with other argon atoms. Alpha, beta and gamma rays Alpha rays 穿透