EST unit4.ppt

Unit 4 Text Mechanics 力学 mechanics ( singl. )力学，机械学； ( pl. ) 结构，构成法，技巧 classical mechanics 经典力学 engineering mechanics 工程力学 relativistic mechanics 相对论力学 solid mechanics 固体力学 celestial mechanics 天体力学 quantum mechanics 量子力学 Mechanics in History Mechanics is the oldest of the physical sciences. The earliest recorded writings in this field are those of Archemedes(287-12 BC) which concern the principle of the lever and the principle of buoyancy. Substantial progress awaited the formulation of the laws of vector combination of forces by Stevinus(1548-1620), who also formulated most of the principles of statics. The first investigation of a dynamic problem is credited to Galileo (1564-1642) in connection with his experiments with falling stones. Mechanics in History The accurate formulation of the laws of motion, aw well as the law of gravitation, was made by Newton, (1642-1727), who also conceived the idea of the infinitesimal in mathematical analysis. Substantial contributions to the development of mechanics were also made by da Vinci, Varignon, Euler, D’ Alembert, Lagrange, Laplace and others. What is studied in mechanics ? Mechanics deals with two kinds of quantities---scalars (纯量的；标量的；无向量的) and vectors (矢量，向量). Scalar quantities are those with which a magnitude alone is associated. Examples of scalar quantities in mechanics are time, volume, density, speed, energy, and mass. Vector quantities, on the other hand, possess direction as well as magnitude. Examples of vector are displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, moment, and momentum. Newton’s Laws Law 1 If all the forces acting on a particle are balanced, the particle will either remain at rest or will continue to move in a straight line at a uniform velocity. 第一定律： 如果作用在一个质点上的所有外力平衡， 那么， 这个质点保持原来的静止或者匀速直线运动状态不变。 Newton’s Laws Law 2 If the forces acting on a particle are not balanced, the particle will experience an acceleration proportional to the resul