System and networks-04.pptxVIP

DataLinkLayerThedatalinklayerisresponsibleformovingframesfromonehop(node)tothenext.Figure2.6Node-to-nodedeliveryFigure2.7Example1InFigure2.8anodewithphysicaladdress10sendsaframetoanodewithphysicaladdress87.Thetwonodesareconnectedbyalink.Atthedatalinklevelthisframecontainsphysicaladdressesintheheader.Thesearetheonlyaddressesneeded.Therestoftheheadercontainsotherinformationneededatthislevel.ThetrailerusuallycontainsextrabitsneededforerrordetectionFigure2.8Example1Figure2.8Layer3：NetworkLayer(網路層)定址(Addressing)(Logicaladdressing)決定網路裝置的位址或名稱分配。選擇傳送路徑(Routing)例如從A傳資料到D可有5條路徑,必須選出一條距離最短、傳輸速率最快的路徑。functionsofthenetworklayers負責來源到目的地間的傳遞,中間可能經過多條網路(鏈結);資料鏈結層則是監督同一鏈結上兩節點間封包的傳遞網路層職責:邏輯定址(logicaladdressing)路由(routing)NetworkLayerThenetworklayerisresponsibleforthedeliveryofindividualpacketsfromthesourcehosttothedestinationhost.Figure2.9Source-to-destinationdeliveryFigure2.10(Source-to-destinationdelivery)Example2InFigure2.11wewanttosenddatafromanodewithnetworkaddressAandphysicaladdress10,locatedononeLAN,toanodewithanetworkaddressPandphysicaladdress95,locatedonanotherLAN.Becausethetwodevicesarelocatedondifferentnetworks,wecannotusephysicaladdressesonly;thephysicaladdressesonlyhavelocaljurisdiction.WhatweneedhereareuniversaladdressesthatcanpassthroughtheLANboundaries.Thenetwork(logical)addresseshavethischaracteristic.Figure2.11Example2Figure2.11AnimationLayer4：TransportLayer(傳輸層)傳輸層負責整個訊息的程序間傳送(process-to-processdelivery)Aprocessisanapplicationprogramrunningonahost.functionsofthetransportlayers負責來源與目的兩端間整個訊息的傳遞;(而網路層則是監督兩端個別封包的傳遞,它不需要去了解這些封包間的關係).傳輸層確保整片訊息依序完好無暇的到達目的地,並且監督從來源到目的地間的錯誤控制與流量控制為了更進一步的安全,傳輸層可於兩端間建立一條虛擬的線路(forexample:TCP),此線路是一條兩端點間的邏輯路徑,所有封包都在此路線上傳送.線路的產生包含三個階段:建立,傳輸和終止.傳輸層的職責:埠定址(portaddress)(Service-pointaddressing)切割與再組合(Segmentationandreassembly)連線控制(Connectioncontrol)流量控制(Flowcontrol)在兩端點間執行而不是在單一鏈結上(像資料鏈結層)錯誤控制(Errorcontrol)流量控制與錯誤控制在資料鏈結層與傳輸層ConnectionlessorConnection-orientedTransportLayerThetransportlayerisresponsibleforthedeliveryofamessagefromoneprocess