2009年ACCAHA成人心衰指南(部分).docVIP

2009年ACC/AHA成人心衰指南（部分）1. The diagnosis of HF is primarily based on signs and symptoms derived from a thorough history and physical examination. Clinicians should determine the following:心衰的诊断主要依靠病史询问与体格检查所获取的症状与体征。临床医生应当确定以下情况：（证据级别：C）：a. adequacy of systemic perfusion; 足够的体循环灌注b. volume status; 容量状态c. the contribution of precipitating factors and/or comorbidities; 诱因和/或并发症的影响d. if the heart failure is new onset or an exacerbation of chronic disease; and是否为新发心衰还是慢性心衰恶化；以及e. whether it is associated with preserved ejection fraction. Chest radiographs, electrocardiogram, and echocardiograp