ch5-2 材料学.pptVIP

Chapter 5. Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms --- 2nd part New words Restrict 限制 Trigger 引发、触发 Impede 阻碍 Hall-Petch equation 霍尔－派奇公式 heat treatment 热处理 Substitutional 置换的 Hinder 阻碍、打扰 Segregate 隔离 Anchor 锚、固定 Compensate 补偿 Outline ! Dislocations and Plastic Deformation Motion of dislocations in response to stress Slip Systems Plastic deformation in ! single crystals ! polycrystalline materials ! Strengthening mechanisms Grain Size Reduction Solid Solution Strengthening Strain Hardening ! Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth Strengthening The ability of a metal to deform depends on the ability of dislocations to move Restricting dislocation motion makes the material stronger Mechanisms of strengthening in single-phase metals: # grain-size reduction # solid-solution alloying # strain hardening Ordinarily, strengthening reduces ductility Strengthening by grain-size reduction (I) Small angle grain boundaries are not very effective in blocking dislocations. High-angle grain boundaries block slip and increase strength of the material. A stress concentration at end of a slip plane may trigger new dislocations in an adjacent grain Strengthening by grain-size reduction (II) The finer the grains, the larger the area of grain boundaries that impedes dislocation motion. Grain-size reduction usually improves toughness as well. Usually, the yield strength varies with grain size d according to Hall-Petch equation: Solid-Solution Strengthening (I) Alloys are usually stronger than pure metals of the solvent. Interstitial or substitutional impurities in a solution cause lattice strain. As a result, these impurities interact with dislocation strain fields and hinder dislocation motion. Impurities tend to diffuse and segregate around the dislocation core to find atomic sites more suited to their radii. This reduces the overall strain energy and “anchor” the dislocation. Motion of the dislocation core away from the impurities move