Pigeonhole Principle (鸽巢原理)HKSKH Bishop Hall Secondary.pptVIP

Pigeonhole Principle (鴿巢原理) Dirichlet (狄里克利) The first statement of the Pigeonhole Principle is believed to have been made by the German Mathematician Dirichlet in 1834 under the name Schubfachprinzip (drawer principle). Dirichlet (狄里克利) Dirichlet（1805～1859）德國數學家，生於現德國 Duren（當時屬法國）。他是解析數論 (Analytic Number Theory)的奠基者，也是現代函數 (Functions) 觀念的定義者。 Dirichlet 人緣不錯，勤奮寡言，不修邊幅又健忘，卻是一個觀念清晰的好老師 。(He is a nice and hard working teacher) Continue Dirichlet 於1825年證明(prove)費瑪最後定理(Fermat’s Last Theorem) (when) n=5 情況而得盛名 ， 後因心臟病發(heart attack)於瑞士，最後病逝於哥廷根。 費瑪最後定理: Xn + Yn =Zn , n=3,4,5,…, n=2: 32 + 42 =52 . Taken from: .tw/people/p_dirichlet/ Pigeonhole Principle (鴿巢原理) If we put n+1 balls into n boxes, then at least one box must contain two or more balls. 將 n+1 個球放入 n 個盒子內, 最小有一個盒子藏有2個或以上的球。 Proof (證明) We want to prove that ‘at least one box must contain two or more balls’ by ‘Proof by Contradiction’. Assume that the statement above is wrong then all the n boxes contains 1 or 0 ball. Therefore the total number of balls is less than or equal to n. This is a contradiction (矛盾). The contradiction is due to our assumption that the ‘statement is wrong’. We conclude that the statement must be true. Examples For any 368 people, at least two of them must have the same birthday. There are at least two people in the world having same number of hair. At least two of you in this class (assuming the class size 12) born in the same month. Exercise There are 10 married couples. How many of the 20 people must be selected in order to guarantee that one has selected a married couple ? Answer: 11 Something to Think About One observes that at least 2 drawn numbers having the same first digit in all the cases (we assume that 01=1, 02=2, 03=3, ….,). Do you think there is something wrong with the machine? A Solution There are 6 numbers to be drawn. For each number, the first digit can be {0,1,2,3,4}. There are only 5 choice