计算机硬件及组装原理 Chapter1.pptVIP

DRAM capacity Mbit capacity 1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 15K 64K 256K 1M 4M 16M 64M 256M 1000M ~2004 512M Abstract view of a computer Abstraction layers Memory hierarchy There is a hierarchy of memory In order to maximize processor throughput, the fastest memory is closest to the processor Also the most expensive Notice: The exponential rise in capacity with each layer The exponential rise in access time in each layer CPU Primary Cache 2K- 1,024K byte (1ns) Bus Interface Unit Secondary Cache 256K - 4MByte (10ns) Main Memory 1M ?2 Gbyte (30 ns) Hard Disk 40 - 250 GByte ( 100,000 ) ns Tape Backup 50G - 10TByte (seconds) Internet All knowledge/Forever Hard disk drive Representing a number as a voltage Represent the data value as a voltage or current along a single electrical conductor (signal trace) or wire 24.56345 V 24.56345 RADIO SHACK Direction of signal Zero volts (ground) Problems: Measuring large numbers is difficult, slow and expensive How do you represent +/- 32,673,102,093? Parallel transmission of 0 to 9 Represent the data value as a voltage or current along multiple electrical conductors Let each wire represent one decade of the number Only need to divide up the voltage on each wire into 10 steps 0 V to 9 volts Can have considerable 搒lop?between values before it causes problems 2 4 5 6 3 4 5 4.2 RADIO SHACK Zero volts (ground) Binary data transmission Represent the data value as a voltage or current along multiple, parallel, electrical conductors Let each wire represent one power of 2 of the number ( 20 through 2N ) Only need to divide up the voltage on each wire into 2 possible steps 0 V 搉o volts? or 搒ome volts? greater than zero (on or off ) Can have lots of 搒lop?between values 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 210 211 2