Ch6 Import Tariffs国际贸易.pptVIP

Chapter 6 Import Tariffs ? Types of Import Tariffs ? Measurement of Import Tariffs ? The Impact of an Import Tariff §1 Types of Import Duties A tariff ---- a tax, or duty, levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area. I. According to the methods used in imposing import duties 1. Specific duty: An import duty that assigns a fixed monetary (dollar) tax per physical unit of the good imported based on NUMBER OF UNITS. Disadvantage: Protective value varies inversely with the price of the import.  Example: Import price: $5 Tariff: $1 per unit Equivalent to a 20% tariff If inflation occurs, import price rises to $10 The specific tariff is now only 10% of the value of the import. Inflation took place during and after WWII, late 1970s and early 1980s 2. Ad valorem duty Levied as a constant percentage of the monetary value of 1 unit of the imported good. Customs inspectors need to make a judgment on the monetary value of the imported good. Seller: undervalue the good’s price on invoices and bills of lading Customs officials: deliberately overvalue a good 3. Mixed or compound duty A duty placed on imported items, the amount of which is based upon the above two duties. Example: The duty consists of 10% of the value plus $1.00 per battery. If 100 batteries at $2,000, how much is the duty? 4. Alternative duty Adopting either of these two duties II. According to different tariff rates 1. Preferential duties 特惠税 applied according to its geographical source A historic example: Commonwealth or imperial preference: Great Britain levied a lower rate to goods from countries that were members of the British Commonwealth (Australia, Canada, or India. ) EU: a series of preferential trade agreements with certain developing nations in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP). In 1989, the Fourth Lom?e Convention was signed between the EU and 66 ACP countries ( industri