0第二章(英).ppt

Lecture on Economics Lecture on Economics WZQ 第一节 基数效用理论Cardinal Utility Theory 一、?? 效用概念 U Utility In the language of economics, the concept of utility refers to the numerical score representing the satisfaction that a consumer gets from a market basket. 二、无差异曲线Indifference Curves 1、What is the Indifference Curves 例如： U f X,Y X*Y, X-food Y-clothing a、 x 25 y 4 b、x 20 y 5 clothing c、 x 10 y 10 d、x 5 y 20 e、 x 4 y 25 Ua Ub Uc Ud Ue 100 4、预算线的变动 1 Income changes A change in income causes the budget line to shift parallel the original line. Y 0 X I 20$ I 50$ * * 第二章 消费理论 消费行为理论,或消费者选择理论 The Theory of Consumer Choice Description of how consumers allocate incomes among different goods and services to maximize their well-being. 二、 效用函数 Utility Function A utility function is a formula that assigns a level of utility to each market basket. For example: U F,C F+2C If: F 8 C 3 Then: U F,C 14 If: F 4 C 2, Then U F,C 8 三. 边际效用 MU Marginal utility Marginal utility measures the additional satisfaction obtained from consuming one additional unit of a good. Example: 某人吃包子的 TU 和 MU 包子数 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TU 0 12 18 21 22 22 21 18 MU 0 12 6 3 1 0 -1 -3 —— 效用函数不可导 ——效用函数可导 四.?总效用曲线与边际效用曲线 TU MU Q Q F’ Q MU 0 0 5 5 MU Q TU Q 五、边际效用递减原理 Low of diminishing marginal utility Diminishing marginal utility refers to a principle that as more of a good is consumed, the consumption of additional amounts will yield smaller additions to utility. 六、消费者均衡 The Consumer’s Optimum 设消费X、Y两种商品, 消费者收入M，则 限制条件： PXX+PYY M 均衡的必要条件： This equation has a simple interpretation: At the optimum, the marginal utility per dollar spent on good X equals the marginal utility per dollar spent on good Y. Conclusion: Equal marginal principle refers to the principle that utility is maximized when the consumers has equalized the marginal utility per dollar of expenditure across all goods. Consumer surplus is the dif