计算机科学导论重点汇总.docVIP

计算机科学导论重点汇总 Chapter 0 Introduction (绪论) Terminology (术语) (P2) ? Algorithm: A set of steps that defines how a task is performed (算法是定义如何完成一个任务 的若干步骤的集合) ? Program:A representation of an algorithm (程序是对算法的表示) ? Programming:The process of developing a program (程序设计是指开发程序的过程) ? Software: Programs and algorithms. (软件是指程序及其算法) ? Hardware: Equipment (硬件即机器设备) Chapter 1 Data Storage (数据存储) Boolean Operations (布尔运算) ? Boolean Operation: An operation that manipulates one or more true/false values (P20) (布尔运 算：处理一个或多个真/假值的运算) Gates (门) (P21) ? Gate: A device that computes a Boolean operation (门是一种进行布尔运算的设备) Flip-flops (触发器) (P22) ? Flip-flop: A circuit built from gates that can store one bit. (触发器是由门所构造的可存储1个 位的电路) – Has an input line which sets its stored value to 1 (它有一条将其存储值置为1的输入线) – Has an input line which sets its stored value to 0 (它有一条将其存储值置为0的输入线) – While both input lines are 0, the most recently stored value is preserved (当两条输入线同是0 时，最近存储的值保持) Hexadecimal Notation (十六进制) ? Hexadecimal notation: A shorthand notation for long bit patterns (十六进制：长的位模式的简短 表示) – Divides a pattern into groups of four bits each (将位模式按4位一组进行划分) – Represents each group by a single symbol (将每组表示为一个符号) ? Example:becomes A Main Memory Addresses (内存地址) ? Address: A “name” that uniquely identifies one cell in the computer’s main memory (地址：唯一 确定计算机内存单元的“名字”) – The names are actually numbers. (名字实际上是编号) – These numbers are assigned consecutively starting at zero. (这些编号是从0开始连续指派 的) – Numbering the cells in this manner associates an order with the memory cells. (以对应于存 储单元的顺序依次编号) Files ? File: A unit of data stored in mass storage system (文件是存储在海量存储器中的数据单元) – Fields and keyfields ? Physical record versus Logical record ? Buffer: A memory area used for the temporary storage of data (usually as a step in transferring the data) (缓冲区是用做数据临时存放的内存区域，常作为传送数据的一个步骤) Storing Fractions (存储小数) ? Floating-point Notation: Consists of a sign bit, a mantissa field, and an expon