chapter2 Role of alloyin elements in steel.pptVIP

Chapter 1 Role of alloying elements in steel Contents of this chapter 1.1 Influence of alloying elements on phase digram 1.2 The interaction of alloying elements with the imperfects in crystalline 1.3 Compounds in alloys 1.4 Effect of alloying elements on transformation of steel during heating 1.5 Effect of alloying elements on transformation of steel during cooling 1.6 Effect of alloying elements on quenching and Tempering of steels 1.1 Influence of alloying elements on phase digram 1.2 Interaction between alloying elements and crystalline impefects 1.3 Compounds in alloys 1.4 Effect of alloying elements on transformation of steel during heating 1.5 Effect of alloying elements on transformation of steel during cooling 1.6 Effect of alloying elements on quenching and Tempering of steels Solidification: Nucleation Processes Homogeneous nucleation nuclei form in the bulk of liquid metal requires supercooling (typically 80-300°C max) Heterogeneous nucleation much easier since stable “nucleus” is already present Could be wall of mold or impurities in the liquid phase allows solidification with only 0.1-10oC supercooling r* = critical nucleus: nuclei r* shrink; nucleir* grow (to reduce energy) Homogeneous Nucleation Energy Effects DGT = Total Free Energy = DGS + DGV Surface Free Energy- destabilizes the nuclei (it takes energy to make an interface) g = surface tension Volume (Bulk) Free Energy – stabilizes the nuclei (releases energy) Solidification Note: ?HS = strong function of ?T ? = weak function of ?T ? r* decreases as ?T increases For typical ?T r* ca. 100? ?HS = latent heat of solidification Tm = melting temperature g = surface free energy DT = Tm - T = supercooling r* = critical radius Rate of Phase Transformations Kinetics - measure approach to equilibrium vs. time Hold temperature constant measure conversion vs. time sound waves – one sample electrical conductivity – follow one sample X-ray diffraction – have to do man