国际商务 英文课件Chap006.pptVIP

International Business 7e by Charles W.L. Hill Chapter 6 The Political Economy of International Trade Introduction Free trade occurs when governments do not attempt to restrict what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can sell to another country While many nations are nominally committed to free trade, they tend to intervene in international trade to protect the interests of politically important groups Instruments Of Trade Policy The main instruments of trade policy are: Tariffs Subsides Import Quotas Voluntary Export Restraints Local Content Requirements Administrative Polices Antidumping Policies Tariffs Tariffs are taxes levied on imports that effectively raise the cost of imported products relative to domestic products Specific tariffs are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of a good imported Ad valorem tariffs are levied as a proportion of the value of the imported good Tariffs increase government revenues, provide protection to domestic producers against foreign competitors by increasing the cost of imported foreign goods, and force consumers to pay more for certain imports So, tariffs are unambiguously pro-producer and anti-consumer, and tariffs reduce the overall efficiency of the world economy Subsidies Subsidies are government payments to domestic producers Consumers typically absorb the costs of subsidies Subsidies help domestic producers in two ways: they help them compete against low-cost foreign imports they help them gain export markets Classroom Performance System When tariffs are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of a good imported, they are called a) Specific tariffs b) Ad valorem tariffs c) Tariff rate quotas d) Transit tariffs Import Quotas And Voluntary Export Restraints Import quotas directly restrict the quantity of some good that may be imported into a country Tariff rate quotas are a hybrid of a quota and a tariff where a lower tariff is applied to imports within the quota than to those ov