Supercriticalfluidextraction超临界流体提取题材.ppt

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) / Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) Supercritical Fluid (SCF) At temperatures above Tc and pressures beyond Pc, substance exists as supercritical fluid , and not as gas or liquid. The SCF expands and contracts like gas and has solvent properties like liquid. Comparison of the properties of gas, Supercritical fluid and liquid Advantages of Supercritical Fluids lower operating temperatures improved yield improved product properties favorable combination of process steps easier regeneration of the SC solvent lower production cost solvent power comparable to liquid solvents very high volatility compared to the dissolved substances complete separation of solvent from extract and raffinate Disadvantages of Supercritical Fluids elevated pressures required relative high costs of investment unusual operating conditions complicated phase behavior Physical Parameters of Selected Supercritical Fluids Benefits of supercritical carbon dioxide Moderate critical pressure (73.8 bar) Low critical temperature (31.1℃) Low toxicity and reactivity High purity at low cost Useful for extractions at temperature 150℃ Benefits of supercritical carbon dioxide Ctd. Ideal for extraction of thermally labile compounds Ideal extractant for non-polar species, e. g. alkanes Reasonably good for moderately polar species, e. g. PAHs Can directly vent to atmosphere Little opportunity for chemical change in absence of light and oxygen Gas at room temperature, allows for coupling to gas chromatography and SFC Supercritical Fluid extraction (SFE) / chromatography (SFC) Components Commercial instruments Pumps Reciprocating pump Syringe pump Other pump modules Types of extraction cell Columns Open tubular capillary columns Packed columns Restrictors Fixed restrictors linear restrictor (fused-silica) tapered desire Integral restrictor ceramic frit restrictor metal restrictor (platinum, platinum-iridium or steel) Variable restrictors variable nozzle (HP) backpres