T-glottalizationinAmericanEnglish.ppt

T-glottalization Definition: The pronunciation of /t/ as a glottal stop [?]. T-glottalization Definition: The pronunciation of /t/ as a glottal stop [?]. Before consonants in most varieties: (e.g., Ba[?]man, ou[?]put). Before vowels in British English: (e.g., be[?]er pu[?] a lo[?] of)? Before vowels in American English: (e.g. be[?]er pu[?] a lo[?] of). /t/ in American English Word internal VtV is generally flapped: better be[?]er utility utili[?]y decimated decima[?]ed Across words VtV is more variable put any pu[?~?] any right ankle righ[?~?] ankle tablet in table[?~?] in The Shadowing Experiment 58 Participants All had some college education 27 females, 31 males Ages: 19-29, 30-39, 40-49 Regions: West, non-West, Utah The Shadowing Experiment Stimuli 20 collocations: First word ends in /t/. Second word begins in vowel. Pronunciation of /t/ masked with tone. Collocation Carrier sentence foot away It was only a foot away. street outside The street outside was quiet. right ankle She twisted her right ankle. The Shadowing Experiment Instructions Listen to the sentence Repeat it three times Ignore the beep Example The Shadowing Experiment Coding of the Results The /t/ in each test word was impressionistically coded as [?], [?], [t], or other. 2679 [?] 357 [?] 172 [t] 97 other/indeterminate The Shadowing Experiment Factors Coded 1 The gender of the speaker. 2 The age of the speaker (19-29, 30-39, 40-49). 3 The speaker's region of origin (Western vs. non-Western). 4 Whether the speaker was from Utah or not. 5 The repetition number (first, second, third). 6 The quality of the vowel preceding /t/ (front or back). Factors that Favor [?] Factor Weight % # Following Vowel Front 0.80 18 1391 Back 0.27 2 1914 Range 54 Age by Gender 19-29 Females 0.73 20 627 30-39 Females 0.65 15 399 19-29 Males 0.53 11 797 40-49