Gene X ppt(Gene10 基因十)--Chapter30.ppt

30.1 Introduction RNA functions as a regulator by forming a region of secondary structure (either inter- or intramolecular) that changes the properties of a target sequence. 30.2 A Riboswitch Can Alter Its Structure According to Its Environment A riboswitch is an RNA whose activity is controlled by the metabolite product or another small ligand (a ligand is any molecule that binds to another). A riboswitch may be a ribozyme. aptamer – An RNA domain that binds a small molecule; this can result in a conformation change in the RNA. 30.3 Noncoding RNAs Can Be Used to Regulate Gene Expression Vast tracts of the eukaryotic genome are transcribed. antisense gene – A gene that codes for an (antisense) RNA that has a complementary sequence to an RNA that is its target. antisense RNA – RNA that has a complementary sequence to an RNA that is its target. 30.3 Noncoding RNAs Can Be Used to Regulate Gene Expression A regulator RNA can function by forming a duplex region with a target RNA. The duplex may block initiation of translation, cause termination of transcription, or create a target for an endonuclease. Transcriptional interference (TI) occurs when an overlapping transcript on the same or opposite strand prevents transcription of another gene. 30.3 Noncoding RNAs Can Be Used to Regulate Gene Expression nested gene – A gene located within an intron of another gene. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) (such as CUTs and PROMPTs) are often polyadenylated and very unstable. 30.4 Bacteria Contain Regulator RNAs Bacterial regulator RNAs are called sRNAs. Several of the sRNAs are bound by the protein Hfq, which increases their effectiveness. Tandem repeats can be transcribed into powerful antiviral RNAs. 30.4 Bacteria Contain Regulator RNAs The oxyS sRNA activates or represses expression of 10 loci at the posttranscriptional level. 30.4 Bacteria Contain Regulator RNAs CRISPR – Clusters of regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats in prokaryotes that are transcr