Chap15换热器优秀课件.pptVIP

Chapter 15 heat-exchange equipment In industrial processes heat energy is transferred by a variety of methods. Heat exchangers are of importance for heat energy transport. There are lots of exchangers. Including conduction-convection in exchangers, boilers, and condensers; radiation in furnaces and radiant heat dryer. General design of heat-exchange equipment at first, material and energy balances are set up. From these results the required heat-transfer area is calculated. The quantities to be calculated are the overall heat-transfer coefficient, the average temperature difference. Shell-and-tube heat exchangers Single-pass1-1 exchanger The simple double-pipe exchanger is inadequate for high heat-transfer rate. Shell-and-tube construction, such as that shown in figure, where one shell serves for many tubes, is more economical. This exchanger, because it has one shell -side pass and one tube-pass, is a 1-1 exchanger. Flash p339 In an exchanger the shell-side and tube-side heat-transfer coefficients are of comparable importance, and both must be large if a satisfactory overall coefficient is to be attained. The velocity and turbulence of the shell-side liquid are as important as those of the tube-side fluid. To promote crossflow and raise the average velocity of the shell-side fluid, baffles are installed in the shell. multipass exchanger The 1-1 exchanger has limitations, because when the tube-side flow is divided evenly among all the tubes, the velocity may be quite low, giving a low heat transfer coefficient. Multipass construction increases the fluid velocity, with a corresponding increase in the heat-transfer coefficient. The disadvantages are that (1) the exchanger is slightly more complicated ; (2) Some sections in the exchanger have parallel flow, which limits the temperature approach; (3) the friction loss through the equipment is increased because of the larger velocities and multiplication of exit and entrance losses.