PeriodicTrends.pptVIP

Periodic Trends OBJECTIVES: Interpret group trends in atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization energies, m.p., b.p., electronegativity and chemical properties Trends in Atomic Size First problem: Where do you start measuring from? The electron cloud doesn’t have a definite edge. They get around this by measuring more than 1 atom at a time. Atomic Size Atomic Radius half the distance between two nuclei of a diatomic molecule. Trends in Atomic Size Influenced by three factors: 1. Energy Level Higher energy level is further away. 2. Charge on nucleus More charge pulls electrons in closer. 3. Shielding effect Group trends As we go down a group... each atom has another energy level, so the atoms get bigger. Periodic Trends As you go across a period, the radius gets smaller. Electrons are in same energy level. More nuclear charge. Outermost electrons are closer. Overall Trends in Ionization Energy The amount of energy required to completely remove a mole of electrons from a mole of gaseous atoms. Removing an electron makes a +1 ion. The energy required to remove 1 mole of the first electron is called the first ionization energy. Ionization Energy The second ionization energy is the energy required to remove 1 mole of the second electron s . Always greater than first IE. The third IE is the energy required to remove a third electron. Greater than 1st or 2nd IE. What determines IE The greater the nuclear charge, the greater IE. Greater distance from nucleus decreases IE Filled and half-filled orbitals have lower energy, so achieving them is easier, lower IE. Shielding effect Shielding The electron in the outermost energy level experiences more inter-electron repulsion shielding . Second electron has same shielding, if it is in the same period Group trends As you go down a group, first IE decreases because... The electron is further away. More shielding. Periodic trends All the atoms in the same period have the same energy level. Same shielding. But, increasing nuclea