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IntroductionL1
Grammatical Units
1. Morpheme
A morpheme is generally defined as the smallest meaningful grammatical unit in a language. Morphemes in English fall into two categories: free morphemes and bound morphemes.
Alone—simple words
Free morphemes as the “root”
Morphemes (a complete meaning) as part of a compound
Prefixes (used to form)
Derivational~ suffixes (derivatives)
Bound morphemes——mostly affixes(added to a word to change its meaning or function)
(an incomplete meaning) to N: -s/-es; -’s
Inflexional~ to V: -s/-es; -ed; -ed/-ing
(as grammatical markers) to Adj./Adv.: -er/-est
bound roots
A free morpheme has a complete meaning and can stand on its own as a simple word. It can combine with another morpheme to form a new word(either a derivative or a compound). Different from a free morpheme, a bound morpheme is never used alone, and its meaning is not complete unless it is attached to some other morpheme. Most bound morphemes are affixes.
2. Words
A word may be defined as the smallest of the linguistic units that can occur on its own in speech or writing.
simple words
form derivatives (free+ bound/ bound+ free)
compounds (free+ free)
words
function/grammatical/structural words: auxiliary verbs, determiners, pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions—closed class words
function
content/lexical/notional words: nouns, main verbs, adjectives, and adverbs—open class words
3. Phrases
A phrase is generally a group of words organized in a specific way with a key word as its head. The word class of the head determines the class of the phrase and the way in which the words are organized.
NP—(det.+) ( pre-modifier +) N (+ post-modifier)
Simple ~ —(modifier +) main V
complex ~ —aux.(+ modifier) + main V
VP finite~ —He works hard.
phrases non-finite~ —He wants to go there.
Adj.P—(
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