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2.4. Chemical and microbial analyses Analysis of DM and CP concentration in the experimental diets, excreta and probiotic products was done according to AOAC (1990) methods (930.05 and 976.05, respectively). The GE was measured by using the bomb calorimeter (model 1261, Parr Instrument Co., Moline, IL), and chromium concentration was determined with an automated spectrophotometer (Jasco V-650, Jasco Corp., Tokyo, Japan) according to the procedure of Fenton and Fenton (1979). The microbiological assay of faecal samples (d 14 and 28) and intestinal digesta (d 28) was conducted by culturing in different media for the determination of total anaerobic bacteria (Tryptic soy agar), Bifidobacterium spp. (MRS agar), Lactobacillus spp. (MRS agar+0.02% NaN3+0.05% L-cystine hydrochloride monohydrate), Clostridium spp. (TSC agar) and coliforms (violet red bile agar). The microbiological assay of probiotic products was also carried out by culturing technique. The L. acidophilus was enumerated using MRS agar+0.02%NaN3+0.05% L-cystine hydrochloride monohydrate, B. Subtilis by using plate count agar, S. cerevisiae and A. oryzae by potato dextrose agar. The anaerobic conditions during the assay ofanaerobic were created by using gas pack anaerobic system (BBL, No. 260678; Difco, Detroit, MI). The tryptic soy agar (No. 236950), MRS agar (No. 288130), violet red bile agar (No. 216695), plate count agar (No. 247940), and potato dextrose agar (No. 213400) used were purchased from Difco Laboratories (Detroit,MI), and TSC agar (CM0589) was purchased fromOxoid (Hampshire, UK). The pH of probiotic products was determined by pH meter (Basic pH Meter PB-11, Sartorius, Germany). 2.5. Small intestine morphology Three cross-sections for each intestinal sample were prepared after staining with azure A and eosin using standard paraffin embedding procedures. A total of 10 intact, welloriented crypt-villus units were selected in triplicate for each intestinal cross-section as described previously