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Novel Chapter 13The Erosion of Confidence: Major Novelists in the late 19th and Early 20th Centuries Ⅰ.Overview Ⅱ Other Trends at the End of the Century 1. George Gissing 2. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 3. M. R. James Ⅲ. Romantic Novelists 1. Robert Louis Stevenson 2. Rudyard Kipling Ⅳ. Realistic Novelists 1. Joseph Conrad 2. John Galsworthy 3. H. G. Wells 4. Arnold Bennett Ⅰ.Overview At the end of the 19th century, Britain colonized a large part of foreign territory, and became the most powerful nation in the world. It was called “an empire on which the sun never set.” But the power of this empire was declining, because of the Darwin and Marx, the rebellions in South Africa and some socialist organizations, like the Fabian Society. Ⅱ Other Trends at the End of the Century 1. George Gissing 1857-1903 乔治.吉辛 Naturalism：Naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century. According to the theory of naturalism, literature must be “true to life” and exactly reproduce real life, including all its details without any selection. Such writers usually write about the lives of the poor and oppressed, or the “slum life”, but by giving all the appearance instead of the inner essence of real life. 主张“按照事物本来的样子去摹仿”。自然主义是现实主义的延伸，主张记录生活和现实的全部细节，追求绝对的客观，而不像现实主义作家那样对材料有所甄别和加工。所以它显得很具有纪实性，好像是新闻报道。 Life: hardships, toil, poverty, unhappy marriages, wrote books for money. Work The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft 《四季随笔》 以自传的形式写成。作者回顾了人生岁月中的点点滴滴，并透露自己的一些人生感悟及对很多问题的看法；书按照四季中景色的变化，把书分为四部分，作者把归隐乡间的惬意交织在四季的变迁中。 语言很清新、优美，结构清晰，基调很舒缓，淡泊。 On days such as this, when the blue eyes of spring laughed from between rosy clouds, when the sunlight shimmered upon my table and made me long, long all but to madness, for the scent of the flowering earth, for the green of hillside larches, for the singing of the skylark above the downs. “尤其是这样的日子，当春天的精灵在玫瑰红的云朵见露出笑脸，当阳光在我的书桌上闪烁，我渴望，发疯般地渴望：那百花绽放的大地的芳香，那山坡上落叶松的葱郁，还有那高地上云雀的