GL Three.pptVIP

Lecture 3 Phonetics The study of speech sounds Speech organs Segments, divergences, phonetic transcription Consonants Vowels The vowels of English Co-articulation, broad narrow transcriptions Syllables Stress Pitch, intonation, and tone The study of speech sounds Speech sounds: units in the language system (that of vocal symbols) Speech vs. writing Phonetics vs. Phonology (substance vs. form) Three sub-branches of phonetics Articulatory Acoustic Auditory or perceptual Speech organs (Vocal organs) Brain (Broca’s area; Wernicke’s area) Lungs (airstreams) Trachea (Windpipe) Throat (Pharynx – Larynx: vocal folds) Nose Mouth (lips, tongue, palate, etc.) The four principal resonators in the vocal tract the pharyngeal cavity; the oral cavity; the labial cavity; the nasal cavity Throat Mouth Throat: pharynx; larynx (ventricular fold vocal folds); epiglottis. Mouth: 1. Upper Lip; 2. Upper teeth; 3. Alveolar ridge; 4. Palate: Hard Palate, Soft Palate / Velum; 5. Uvula 6. Lower Lip; 7. Lower teeth; 8. Tongue (tip, blade, front, back, root/ apex, dorsum, back); Pulmonic vs. Non-Pulmonic sounds Pulmonic: with airstreams from the lungs to trachea — vocal folds (a) apart: Voiceless; e.g.. [p, s, t] (b) close together: Voiced; [b, z, d] (c) totally closed: Glottal stop; [ ] Non-Pulmonic: without airstreams from the lungs (a) ejectives; (b) implosives; (c) clicks. Segments and divergences Divergences between sound and spelling E.g. above /[5bQv/ autumn /5C:tEm/ psycho / 5saik[u/ Reason for divergences: Historical development, borrowing Phonetic transcription The notation system of International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA): A system of symbols for representing the pronunciation of words in any language according to the principles of the International Phonetic Association. The symbols consist of letters and diacritics. 1886 Jespersen; 1888 1st version of the IPA; 1920s D