上海交通大学宏微观经济学课件第一讲要点.ppt

整体经济如何运行 通货膨胀：物价总水平的上升 长期而言，通货膨胀总是由于货币数量的过度增长而导致货币价值的下降所引起 政府创造货币的速度越快，通胀率越高 原理 9 :当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升 整体经济如何运行 原理 10 :社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 如何学习 1. 上课之前先读书 你将从课堂上领会更多东西 要总结 做好作业、练习，经常考考自己 小组学习 与同学一起复习每个章节，互相测验，互相帮助理解材料 不要忽略现实世界中的例子当你阅读报纸或看晚间新闻时，尝试着发现它们与你在教科书上所学知识的联系 网络学习 内容提要 关于个人做出决策的基本结论是： 人们面临不同目标之间的权衡取舍 任何一种行为的成本可以用其所放弃的机会来衡量 理性人通过比较边际成本与边际利益做出决策 人们根据他们所面临的激励改变自己的行为 * 内容提要 关于人们之间相互交易的基本结论是： 贸易可以是互利的 市场通常是协调人们之间经济活动的一种好方法 通过纠正市场失灵或提高经济中的平等程度，政府可以潜在地改善市场结果 * 内容提要 关于整体经济的基本结论： 生产率是生活水平的最终根源 货币量的增长是通货膨胀的最终根源 社会面临着通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 * 复习 一概念 经济学；稀缺性；效率；平等；机会成本；理性人；边际变动；激励；市场经济；看不见的手；产权；市场失灵；外部性；市场势力；生产率；通货膨胀；经济周期；稀缺与短缺；看得见的手与看不见的手，机会成本与会计成本 二经济学的十大原理 * * * * Decision-making is at the heart of economics. The individual must decide how much to save for retirement, how much to spend on different goods and services, how many hours a week to work. The firm must decide how much to produce, what kind of labor to hire. Society as a whole must decide how much to spend on national defense (“guns”) versus how much to spend on consumer goods (“butter”). * HEADS UP. The 5th edition uses “equality.” The fourth and earlier editions used “equity” here. You may want to elaborate verbally on the last bullet to insure that the point is clear. “Redistribute income from wealthy to poor” is accomplished through the progressive tax system, as well as social programs like food stamps and unemployment insurance that try to provide a safety net for people at the low end of the income distribution. “But this reduces the incentive to work” – the reward for working hard is a high income. Taxes reduce this reward, and therefore reduce the incentive to work hard. * Here’s a fun tangent if you have the class time and are so inclined: Ask your students about the saying “The best things in life are free.” Ask them to name some of these things that supposedly are free. Ask them what “free” means in this context. The idea here is to get them to see that even things