年代学2013-02汇编.ppt

* approaches zero faster than as t increase, an approximation can be obtained: as or then Equation l1N1 l2N2 indicates that, with increasing time, the rate of decay of the unstable daughter N2l2 becomes equal to that of its long-lived parent N1l1 This condition is known as secular equilibrium in this decay type Decay of long-lived parent N1 to a short-lived daughter N2 Number of daughter atoms N2 increases as a function of time from an initial value of zero Similarly for a complicate decay series, such as 238U, 235U and 232Th, the condition of equilibrium is propagated along each chain: When secular equilibrium has been established, the number of atoms present of any of the unstable daughters is: * * 同位素地质年代学 放射性核素衰变类型 按释放的/捕获的粒子 a衰变 b-/b+衰变/电子捕获衰变 g衰变 按衰变方式或途径 1. 简单衰变类型 放射性核素 （母体） ? 稳定核素（子体） 2. 分支衰变类型 ? 稳定核素1（子体1） ? 稳定核素2（子体2） 放射性核素 （母体） ? ? 3. 系列衰变类型 放射性核素 （母体） ? 不稳定核素（子体1） ? 不稳定核素（子体2） ? … ?稳定核素（子体N） 238U系列衰变 235U系列衰变 232Th系列衰变 4. 其它衰变类型 自发裂变 Spontaneous Fission Nuclei of certain isotopes of elements having high actomic numbers disintegrate spontaneously and form isotopes of two product elements Flerov Petrzhak 1940 首次 报道92U同位素的裂变 其它可裂变元素有: 94Pu、95Am、 96Cm、… 105Ha Friedlander et al., 1981 Decrease in activation energy DE with increasing atomic number implies an increase in the susceptibility of these nuclides to nuclear fission 放射性成因同位素的积累 Growth of radiogenic daughters 简单衰变类型 A long-lived radionuclide N decays in a closed system to A stable radiogenic daughter D* N N0e-lt D* N0 - N N0 - N0e-lt When t → ∞, D* N0 N0 1 - e-lt 由于N0不易获得，可以转换为: N0 N elt D* N0 - N N elt - N N elt - 1 若岩石或矿物形成时，有D存在，即D0，则有: D D0 + D* D0 + N elt - 1 若保持体系封闭，形成年龄可得到: 岩石或矿物同位素年代学的基本条件: Rock or mineral sample being dated has not gained or lost parent N or daughter D atoms -- closed system The decay constant of the parent nuclide λN is independent of time and is not affected by any physical condition to which t