2014群落的动态精选.pptVIP

生物入侵 美国白蛾：1979年从辽宁丹东进入我国。随后相继在山东、陕西、河北、上海等地出现。近20年来，美国白蛾对这些地区的园林绿化和林业造成了极其严重的危害，它们的四龄幼虫可危害300多种植物，具有暴食性，成片的树林常被横扫一光，被称为“无烟的火灾”。人们采用药物等措施进行控制效果并不明显。为从根本上控制美国白蛾，在众多对美国白蛾的寄生性天敌蜂中，筛选出了一种寄生蜂--白蛾周氏啮小蜂。 图为装着寄生蜂的蚕茧固定在树木上放飞。 生物入侵 学名褐云玛瑙螺，也就是人们常说和常食用的东风螺、菜螺、花螺、法国螺。 可咬断各种农作物幼芽、嫩枝、嫩叶、树茎表皮，已经成为危害农作物、蔬菜和生态系统的有害生物。 也是人畜寄生虫和病原体的中间宿主。 生物入侵 水葫芦（凤眼莲） 浙江绍兴小区河道填满水葫芦 * r--对策生物的个体较小，繁殖能力较强，一次繁殖，但寿命较短，对环境有较强的适应能力，一般缺乏保护后代机制，竞争力弱，但具有很强的扩散能力，种群易爆发。 k对策是一类个体大，寿命长、存活率高，适应稳定的栖息环境。不具有较大的扩散能力，仅有较强的竞争能力，种群密度较稳定，如乔木、大型肉食动物。这种适应机制称k对策或k选择，具有这种适应机制的生物属于k对策的生物称为k对策者。 * A distinctive feature of a community is vertical structure, as illustrated here. On land, vertical structure is determined largely by the life form of the plants—their size, branching, and leaves—which in turn, influences and is influenced by the vertical gradient of light. The vertical structure of the plant community provides the physical structure in which many forms of animal life are adapted to live. A well-developed forest ecosystem, for example, has several layers of vegetation. For top to bottom, they are the canopy, the understory, the shrub layer, the herb or ground layer, and the forest floor. The tropical rain forest has one additional stratum, emergents, trees that rise above the general canopy of the forest. The canopy, which is the primary site of energy fixation through photosynthesis, has a major influence on the rest of the forest. If it is fairly open, considerable sunlight will reach the lower layers and the understory and shrub strata will be well developed if water and nutrients are ample. If the canopy is dense and closed, light levels are low and the understory and shrub layers will be poorly developed. The understory generally consists of tall shrubs and understory trees, and younger trees, some of which are the same species as those in the canopy. Species that are unable to tolerate shade will die; others will eventually grow to reach the canopy after some of the older trees die or are harveste