生物学导论biology23.pptVIP

Chap. 23 The Classification and Evolution of Organisms Contents 23.1 The Classification of Organisms 23.2 Domains Archaea and Euvacteria 23.3 Domain Eucarya 23.4 Acellular Infectious Particles Key terms Alternation of generations 世代交替 Binomial system of nomenclature 二名法 Class 纲 Family 科 Fungus 菌类 Gametophyte stage 配子体时期 Genus 属 Host 宿主 23.1 The classification of organisms Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778): Systema Naturae《自然系统》 Binomial (two-name) system of nomenclature 二名法: use two Latin names for each species of organism Genus + specific epithet 属名 + 种名 （+ 定名人姓名缩写） Green peach aphid : Myzus persicae (Sulzer) Potato: Solanum tuberosum Linnaeus Human: Homo sapiens Taxonomy Taxonomy (分类学): the science of identifying, naming and classifying all organisms and grouping them into logical categories Aristotle, use the size of plants to divide them into trees, shrubs, and herbs Classification: Kingdoms (界):the largest grouping used in the classification of organisms Phylum (门): subdivision under each kingdom, based on specific nature of their structure, metabolism, and biochemistry, made to identify natural groups Class (纲): subdivision within a phylum Order (目): a category within a class Family (科): subdivision of an order consists of a group of closely related genera Genus (属): subdivision of a family Species (种): subdivision of a genus 种系发生: the science that explores the evolutionary relationships among organisms and seeks to reconstruct evolutionary history A taxonomic ranking should reflect the evolutionary relationships among the organisms being classified Lines of evidence for phylogenists and taxonomists: Fossils are physical evidence of previously existing life Compare the anatomy 解剖学of fossil or currently living organisms Developmental biology 发生生物学 DNA analysis Molecules to organisms 23.2 Domains Archaea and Eubacteria Archaea 古细菌 Methanogens (产烷微生物): in the intestinal tracts of humans, sewage 下水道, and swamps沼泽 Halobacteria (盐杆菌): in very salty env