6第四章放射治疗剂量计算体系.ppt

Chapter4 Dose calculation system Introduction Several methods are available for calculating absorbed dose in a patient. Two of these methods using percent depth doses(PDD) and tissue-air ratios(TAR) were discussed. However, there are some limitations to these methods. For example, the dependence of PDD on SSD makes this quantity unsuitable for isocentric techniques. Although TAR and SAR eliminate that problem, their application to beams of energy higher than those of 60Co has been seriously questioned as they require measurement of dose in free space. Introduction As the beam energy increases, the size of the chamber buildup cap for in-air measurements has to be increased and it becomes increasingly difficult to calculate the dose in free space from such measurement. In addition, the material of the buildup cap is usually different from that of the phantom and this introduces a bias or uncertainty in the TAR measurements. In order to overcome the limitation of the TAR, Karzmark et al. introduced the concept of tissue-phantom ratio(TPR). This quantity retains the properties of the TAR but limits the measurements to the phantom rather than in air. Introduction A few years later,Holt et al. introduced yet another quantity, tissue-maximum ratio(TMR), which also limits the measurements to the phantom. Sec.1 parameters for scatter correction Primary and scatter Collimator scatter factor phantom scatter factor Total scatter factor 1、Primary and scatter The dose to a point in a medium may be analyzed into primary and scattered components. The primary dose is contributed by the initial or original photons emitted from the source and the scattered dose is due to the scattered photons. The scattered dose can be further analyzed into collimator and phantom components since the two can be varied independently by blocking. 1、Primary and scatter For example, blocking a portion of the field does not significantly change the output or exposure in the open portion of the beam