Analysis of count data.ppt

A. Analysis of count data Introduction to log-linear models Log-linear analysis Contingency-table analysis Categorical data analysis Discrete multivariate analysis (Bishop, Fienberg and Holland, 1975) Analysis of cross-classified data Multivariate analysis of qualitative data (Goodman, 1978) Count data analysis Contrast CodingLog-linear models for two-way tables Counts Percentages Odds of leaving home early rather than late Log-linear models for two-way tables4 models Log-linear models for two-way tables Relation log-linear model and Poisson regression model Log-linear model fit a model to a table of frequencies The classical approach The basic model (SPSS) The design-matrix approach I. Design matrix: Effect Codingunsaturated log-linear model I. Design matrixunsaturated log-linear model Other Ways of RestrictingII. Design Matrix: Contrast Coding III. Design matrix: other restrictions on parameterssaturated log-linear model (additional eq.) Coding! 3 unknowns ? 3 equations where is the frequency predicted by the model Political attitudes ? 314.17*1.0040*0.9772 = 308.23 314.17*[1/1.0040]*0.9772 = 305.78 Political attitudes Design matrixSaturated log-linear model exp[5.7456+0.0018-0.0229-0.0933] = exp[5.6312] = 279 exp[5.7456-0.0018-0.0229+0.0933] = 335 Political attitudes Political attitudes (SPSS) Political attitudes Political attitudes Political attitudes Political attitudes B. Contrast coding: GLIM 291 = 279 * 1.2616 * 1.2007 * 0.6885 (females voting labour) 279 = 279 * 1 * 1 * 1 (males voting conservative = ref.cat) 352 = 279 * 1.2616 * 1 * 1 (females voting conservative) 335 = 279 * 1 * 1.2007 * 1 (males voting labour) C. Contrast coding: SPSS (SPSS adds 0.5 to observed values ) 279.5 = 291.5 * 1.15096 * 1.20925 * 0.68894 352.5 = 291.5 * 1 * 1.20925 * 1 291.5 = 291.5 * 1 * 1 * 1 (females voting labour = ref.cat) 335.5 = 291.5 * 1.15096 * 1