语言学教程第四第二章 胡壮麟 主编.docVIP

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语言学教程第四第二章 胡壮麟 主编

Chapter 2 Speech sounds Contents How sounds are made? Consonants and vowels Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features Suprasegmentals 超音段 Two major areas for studying speech sounds: phonetics and phonology Phonetics: it studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and perceived. Three branches of phonetics: Articulatory phonetics 发声语音学 is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 is concerned with the perception of speech sounds Phonology:it deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme 音素 as the point of departure. It studies the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. Ultimately it aims to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages. How speech sounds are made? speech organs 言语 器官 Speech organs are also known as vocal organs(发音器官). Parts of human body involved in the production of speech sounds: lungs, trachea (windpipe) 气管, throat, nose, mouth organs of speech (Figure 2.2, p.26 on our books) Three cavities: oral cavity, nasal cavity 鼻腔, pharyngeal cavity (pharynx) 咽腔 Inside the oral cavity: tongue, hard palate 硬腭, soft palate (velum) 软腭, teeth, teeth ridge (alveolus) 齿龈 Inside the pharyngeal cavity: pharynx 咽, larynx喉, vocal folds 声带 Positions of vocal folds 声带 (a) apart speech sounds which are produced without vibration of the vocal cords are called voiceless 清音. [p,t,k,f,s] (b) close together Speech sounds which are produced with the vocal cords vibrating are called voiced浊音. [b,d,g,v,z] When a speech sound which is normally voiced is produced without vibration or only slight vibration, this is called devoicing(清音化). Devoicing of voiced consonants often occurs in English when they are at the end of a word, e.g. Lid word crab bag five past has to (c) totally closed [ ? ] Fatten button pack IPA IPA

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