(实验设计与数据处理0Experimental_Design_and_the_Analysis_of_Variance.ppt

Comparing t 2 Groups - Numeric Responses Extension of Methods used to Compare 2 Groups Independent Samples and Paired Data Designs Normal and non-normal data distributions Completely Randomized Design (CRD) Controlled Experiments - Subjects assigned at random to one of the t treatments to be compared Observational Studies - Subjects are sampled from t existing groups Statistical model yij is measurement from the jth subject from group i: 1-Way ANOVA for Normal Data (CRD) Analysis of Variance - Sums of Squares Analysis of Variance Table and F-Test Expected Mean Squares Model: yij = m +ai + eij with eij ~ N(0,s2), Sai = 0: Expected Mean Squares 3 Factors effect magnitude of F-statistic (for fixed t) True group effects (a1,…,at) Group sample sizes (n1,…,nt) Within group variance (s2) Fobs = MST/MSE When H0 is true (a1=…=at=0), E(MST)/E(MSE)=1 Marginal Effects of each factor (all other factors fixed) As spread in (a1,…,at) ? E(MST)/E(MSE) ? As (n1,…,nt) ? E(MST)/E(MSE) ? (when H0 false) As s2 ? E(MST)/E(MSE) ? (when H0 false) Example - Seasonal Diet Patterns in Ravens “Treatments” - t = 4 seasons of year (3 “replicates” each) Winter: November, December, January Spring: February, March, April Summer: May, June, July Fall: August, September, October Response (Y) - Vegetation (percent of total pellet weight) Transformation (For approximate normality): Seasonal Diet Patterns in Ravens - Data/Means Seasonal Diet Patterns in Ravens - Data/Means Seasonal Diet Patterns in Ravens - ANOVA Seasonal Diet Patterns in Ravens - Spreadsheet CRD with Non-Normal Data Kruskal-Wallis Test Extension of Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test to k 2 Groups Procedure: Rank the observations across groups from smallest (1) to largest ( N = n1+...+nk ), adjusting for ties Compute the rank sums for each group: T1,...,Tk . Note that T1+...+Tk = N(N+1)/2 Kruskal-Wallis Test Example - Seasonal Diet Patterns in Ravens Post-hoc Comparisons of Treatments If differences in group means are determined from the