英语国家概况精系列Chapter 4-5.docVIP

Chapter?4第四章Transition?to?the?Modern?Age?(1455-1688)向现代英国的过渡 I.?Transition?to?the?Modern?Age?(1455-1485)向现代英国的过渡(1455年-1485年)The?Wars?of?Rose玫瑰战争The?name?Wars?of?the?Roses?was?refer?to?the?battles?between?the?House?of?Lancaster,?symbolized?by?the?read?rose,?and?that?of?York,?symbolized?by?the?white,?from?1455?to?1485.?Henry?Tudor,?descendant?of?Duke?of?Lancaster?won?victory?at?Bosworth?Fireld?in?1485?and?put?ht?country?under?the?rule?of?the?Tudors.?From?these?Wars,?English?feudalism?received?its?death?blow.?The?great?medieval?nobility?was?much?weakened.玫瑰战争是指，从1455年到1485年，以红玫瑰为象征的兰开斯特大家族和以白玫瑰为象征的约克家族之间战争的普遍接受的名称。1485年，兰开斯特家族的后代亨利都铎取得了博斯沃恩战役的胜利，建立了都铎王朝。这些战争使英国的封建主义受到致命打击，贵族阶层受到了削弱。 II.?The?English?Reformation英国的宗教改革Henry?VIII?was?above?all?responsible?for?the?religious?reform?of?the?church.?There?were?three?main?causes:?a?desire?for?change?and?reform?in?the?church?had?been?growing?for?many?years?and?now,?encouraged?by?the?success?of?Martin?Luther,?many?people?believed?its?time?had?come;?the?privilege?and?wealth?of?the?clergy?were?resented;?and?Henry?needed?money.最重要的是，亨利八世负责进行教会的宗教改革。改革原因有三个主要方面：改革教会的渴望已有多年，现在又受马丁路德成功的鼓舞，许多人认为时机已到；人们痛恨教职人员的威望和财富；亨利需要钱。The?reform?began?as?a?struggle?for?a?divorce?and?ended?in?freedom?from?the?Papacy.?Henry?VIII?wanted?to?divorce?Catherine?of?Aragon?but?the?Pope?refused.?Henry’s?reforms?was?to?get?rid?of?the?English?Church’s?connection?with?the?Pope,?and?to?make?an?independent?Church?of?England.?He?made?this?break?with?Rome?gradually?between?1529?and?1534.?He?dissolved?all?of?England’s?monasteries?and?nunneries?because?they?were?more?loyal?to?the?Pope?than?to?their?English?kings.?The?laws?such?as?the?Act?of?succession?of?1534?and?the?Act?of?Supremacy?of?1535?made?his?reform?possible.?He?established?the?church?of?England?as?the?national?church?of?the?country,?and?he?made?himself?the?supreme?head?of?the?church?of?England.改革以争取离婚而开始，以脱离教皇而告终。亨利八世欲与阿拉贡的凯瑟琳离婚，但是教皇拒绝了。亨利改革的目的是摆脱英国教会与教皇的联系，成立独立的英格兰教会。1529年至1534年间逐渐地与罗马脱离了关系。他解散了所